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Two separate limits apply to new data centres in the Amsterdam area. Planning law decides where one may be built and how much power it may add, and Amsterdam, Haarlemmermeer and the national government each set their own rules. Grid capacity decides whether TenneT and Liander can connect it, and in most of Noord-Holland they have no room for new large users. A project needs both a planning consent and a grid connection, so either limit can stop it. Those rules come from the two municipalities, the national government, the grid operators, the Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets (ACM) and the courts, and date from July 2019 to August 2026.